Presença de resíduo de ceftiofur no leite / Presence of ceftiofur residue in milk

Atualmente um novo grupo de fármaco vem ganhando destaque para tratamento de mastite clínica em bovinos: as cefalosporinas. Neste grupo encontra-se o ceftiofur; um antimicrobiano bactericida de amplo espectro que segundo os laboratórios não apresenta período de carência por não ser excretado via leite. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o leite de animais tratados com este medicamento. Cinco animais positivos para a afecção foram selecionados e tratados durante cinco dias, com dose de 1mg/Kg e aplicação com intervalo de 24 horas. A cada 12 horas foi realizada a análise do leite com o teste qualitativo Beta Star Combo®. Após a aplicação da droga todos os animais apresentaram resíduos no leite. Um animal teve carência até 60 horas, três animais com 84 horas e um animal 120 horas após última aplicação. Isso mostra que o ceftiofur apresenta carência tendo efeito residual significativo quando usado via sistêmico, necessitando-se de mais estudos para entendimento da ação do fármaco.

Perfil de utilización de antibióticos en hospitales de tercer y cuarto nivel de atención de tres departamentos de Paraguay, 2017 / Profile of antibiotic use in hospitals of third and fourth level of care of three departments of Paraguay, 2017

Introducción: Los antibióticos constituyen uno de los grupos farmacológicos de mayor prescripción y uso, ocupando el primer o segundo lugar en los gastos de farmacia de un hospital. Se estima que el 70% el uso de los antibióticos es inadecuado. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de utilización de antibióticos en hospitales de tercer y cuarto nivel de atención de tres departamentos de Paraguay durante el 2017. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo probabilístico. El diseño muestral considera como estratos los niveles de atención: cuarto y de tercer nivel de atención donde se seleccionaron hospitales en forma aleatoria en 3 departamentos. Se realizó un corte de prevalencia de una semana y se contabilizó la proporción bajo tratamiento con antibióticos y en caso de estar recibiendo ATB el motivo de indicación, tipo de antibiótico, vía de administración , dosis , intervalo , tiempo de antibioticoterapia. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el estudio, 638 pacientes, el 63,67%(403) fueron mujeres, y el 26,09% (162) tenía una edad mayor a 50 años. El 70,69% (451) utilizó antibiótico, el 53,27% (236) de los casos se utilizó con fines profilácticos. El 34,60% (219) no usó de manera adecuada el antibiótico. Conclusión: La proporción de uso de antibiótico y uso inadecuado fueron elevados. En su mayoría fueron con fines profilácticos Considerando la elevada utilización de antimicrobianos es imperativo desarrollar estrategias de control de prescripciones a través de comisiones de control de infección además de proporcionar una educación continua a los profesionales de salud a nivel hospitalario. Palabras claves : Profilaxis Antibiótica, Farmacorresistencia Microbiana, Uso Racional de los Medicamentos.

Introduction :Antibiotics are one of the pharmacological groups of greater prescription and use, occupying the first or second place in the pharmacy expenses of a hospital. It is estimated that 70% of the use of antibiotics is inadequate. Objective: To determine the profile of antibiotic use in hospitals of third and fourth level of attention of three departments of Paraguay during 2017. Material and methods: Observational study, descriptive cross section with probabilistic sampling. The sample design considers levels of care as strata: fourth and third level of care where hospitals were randomly selected in 3 departments of Paraguay during 2017. A prevalence cut of one week was carried out and the proportion under treatment was counted with antibiotics and in case of receiving ATB the indication reason, type of antibiotic, route of administration, dose, interval, time of antibiotic therapy. Results: Sixty-eight patients were included in the study, 63.67% (403) were female, and 26.09% (162) were older than 50 years. 70.69% (451) used antibiotics, 53.27% (236) of the cases were used for prophylactic purposes. 34.60% (219) did not use the antibiotic properly. Conclusion: The proportion of antibiotic use was 70.69%, most were for prophylactic purposes and the highest proportion of the indications of antibiotics in hospitals is inadequate, in turn 34.60% of antibiotics are used improperly. For all the above, it is imperative to implement intervention strategies and control the use of antibiotics to reduce the use of antibiotics in hospitals. Key words: Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Microbial drug resistanc, Rational use of medicines.

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection to Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, and Temocillin in Korea

With increase of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI), other treatment option with a therapeutic efficacy and a low antibiotic selective pressure is necessary. In this study, we evaluated in vitro susceptibility of E. coli isolates from CA-UTI to fosfomycin (FM), nitrofurantoin (NI), temocillin (TMO) as well as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cefepime (FEP). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by E-test or agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using 346 E. coli collected in 12 Korean hospitals from March 2010 to February 2011. FM, NI and TMO showed an excellent susceptibility profile; FM 100% (346/346), TMO 96.8% (335/346), and NI 99.4% (344/346). Conversely, resistance rates of CIP and SMX were 22% (76/346) and 29.2% (101/349), respectively. FEP still retained an activity of 98.5%. In Korea, NI and TMO in addition to FM are a good therapeutic option for uncomplicated CA-UTI, especially for lower UTI.

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection to Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, and Temocillin in Korea

With increase of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI), other treatment option with a therapeutic efficacy and a low antibiotic selective pressure is necessary. In this study, we evaluated in vitro susceptibility of E. coli isolates from CA-UTI to fosfomycin (FM), nitrofurantoin (NI), temocillin (TMO) as well as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cefepime (FEP). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by E-test or agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using 346 E. coli collected in 12 Korean hospitals from March 2010 to February 2011. FM, NI and TMO showed an excellent susceptibility profile; FM 100% (346/346), TMO 96.8% (335/346), and NI 99.4% (344/346). Conversely, resistance rates of CIP and SMX were 22% (76/346) and 29.2% (101/349), respectively. FEP still retained an activity of 98.5%. In Korea, NI and TMO in addition to FM are a good therapeutic option for uncomplicated CA-UTI, especially for lower UTI.

The Real Practice of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Prostate Biopsy in Korea Where the Prevalence of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Is High

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is an essential procedure for diagnosing prostate cancer. The American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline recommends fluoroquinolone alone for 1 day during TRUS-Bx. However, this recommendation may not be appropriate in regions where the prevalence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli is high. We investigated the real practice of antibiotic prophylaxis for TRUS-Bx in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 77 hospitals performing TRUS-Bx were identified and an e-mail was sent to the Urology Department of those hospitals. The questions in the e-mail included the choice of antibiotics before and after the procedure and the duration of antibiotic therapy after TRUS-Bx. RESULTS: A total of 54 hospitals (70.0%) responded to the e-mail. Before TRUS-Bx, all hospitals administered intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis. The percentage of hospitals that used quinolone, cephalosporin, and aminoglycoside alone was 48.1%, 20.4%, and 9.3%, respectively. The percentage of hospitals that used two or more antibiotics was 22.2%. After biopsy, all 54 hospitals prescribed oral antibiotics. The percentage of hospitals that prescribed quinolone alone, cephalosporin alone, or a combination of two or more antibiotics was 77.8%, 20.4%, and 1.8%, respectively. The duration of antibiotic use was more than 3 days in most hospitals (79.6%). Only four hospitals (7.4%) followed the AUA recommendation of a 1-day regimen. CONCLUSIONS: The AUA recommendation was not followed by most hospitals in Korea. This clinical behavior might reflect the high quinolone resistance rate in Korea, and further studies on the most efficient prophylactic antibiotics after TRUS-Bx in Korea are warranted.

The Real Practice of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Prostate Biopsy in Korea Where the Prevalence of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Is High

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is an essential procedure for diagnosing prostate cancer. The American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline recommends fluoroquinolone alone for 1 day during TRUS-Bx. However, this recommendation may not be appropriate in regions where the prevalence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli is high. We investigated the real practice of antibiotic prophylaxis for TRUS-Bx in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 77 hospitals performing TRUS-Bx were identified and an e-mail was sent to the Urology Department of those hospitals. The questions in the e-mail included the choice of antibiotics before and after the procedure and the duration of antibiotic therapy after TRUS-Bx. RESULTS: A total of 54 hospitals (70.0%) responded to the e-mail. Before TRUS-Bx, all hospitals administered intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis. The percentage of hospitals that used quinolone, cephalosporin, and aminoglycoside alone was 48.1%, 20.4%, and 9.3%, respectively. The percentage of hospitals that used two or more antibiotics was 22.2%. After biopsy, all 54 hospitals prescribed oral antibiotics. The percentage of hospitals that prescribed quinolone alone, cephalosporin alone, or a combination of two or more antibiotics was 77.8%, 20.4%, and 1.8%, respectively. The duration of antibiotic use was more than 3 days in most hospitals (79.6%). Only four hospitals (7.4%) followed the AUA recommendation of a 1-day regimen. CONCLUSIONS: The AUA recommendation was not followed by most hospitals in Korea. This clinical behavior might reflect the high quinolone resistance rate in Korea, and further studies on the most efficient prophylactic antibiotics after TRUS-Bx in Korea are warranted.

Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad de cefaclor, cefprozil y cefuroxim a como primera línea para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en menores de 5 años / Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of cefaclor, cefprozil and cefuroxim a as first line for community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés (indicación): La Neumonía Adquirida en la Comunidad (NAC), e s una enfermedad resultante de la inflamación del parénquima pulmonar generada por un agente infeccioso fuera del ambiente hospitalario. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por tos, fiebre y signos de consolidación al examen físico, pero puede ser muy variable y mostrar otros síntomas locales como disnea, dolor torácico, expectoración, taquipnea, o generales como fiebre, escalofríos confusión y taquicardia. Información de la tecnología: La cefuroxima es muy activa frente a la mayoría de las bacterias gram-positivas (incluyendo las cepas productoras de penicilinasa) como los estafilococos (S. aureus, S. epidermis), estreptococos (a excepción de los enterococos) y algunas bacterias gram-positivas anaerobias. Entre las bacterias gram-negativas sensibles a la cefuroxima se encuentran los E.coli, Klebsiella, H.influenzae, Proteus mirabilis, N.meningitidis, y N.gonorrhoeae, incluyendo las cepas que son productoras de beta-lactamasas. Otros gérmenes sensibles son la Pasteurella multocida, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, y Yersinia. La cefuroxima tiene poca actividad frente a especies de Providencia, P. vulgaris, Serratia, o Pseudomonas. Tampoco es efectiva frente a la Listeria meningitis. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: ¿Cuál es la efectividad y seguridad de cefaclor, cefprozil y cefuroxima comparados con amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina o azitromicina, como monoterapia ambulatoria de primera línea para NAC no complicada en niños menores de 5 años? La pregunta de evaluación fue refinada y validada con base en: autorización de mercadeo de las tecnologías para la indicación de interés (registro sanitario INVIMA), listado de medic\r\namentos vitales no disponibles, cobertura de las tecnologías en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud (POS) \r\n(Acuerdo 029 de 2011), revisión de grupos terapéuticos (clasificación ATC: Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical classification system), recomendaciones de guías de práctica clínica actualizadas, disponibilidad de evidencia sobre efectividad y seguridad (reportes de evaluación de tecnologías y revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura), uso de las tecnologías (listas nacionales de recobro, estadísticas de prescripc\r\nión, etc), estudios de carga de enfermedad. Población: Personas con diagnóstico de Neumonía Adquirida en la comunidad. Tecnología de interés: Amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina o azitromicina. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura, Búsqueda en bases de datos electrónica.Conclusiones: No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a efectividad al comparar tasas de curación de cefuroxima con amoxicilina. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a efectividad al comparar tasas de curación de cefuroxima con claritromicina. No se encontraron comparaciones entre cefaclor, cefprozil con amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido, clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina y azitromicina. La revisión sistemática es de alta calidad, pero hacen falta estudios que permitan aclarar las diferencias entre cefuroxima y amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, y azitromicina.

Ceftiofur-loaded PHBV microparticles: a potential formulation for a long-acting antibiotic to treat animal infections

Background: The infectious diseases in the livestock breeding industry represent a significant drawback that generates substantial economic loss and have led to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The formulation of polymeric microparticles loaded with antibiotics for veterinary use can: reduce the number of required doses; protect the drug from inactivation; and maintain a sustained-release of the antibiotic drug at effective levels. Accomplishing all of these goals would have a significant economic and animal health impact on the livestock breeding industry. Results: In this work, we formulated ceftiofur-loaded PHBV microparticles (PHBV-CEF) with a spherical shape, a smooth surface and diameter sizes between 1.65 and 2.37 μm. The encapsulation efficiency was 39.5 +/- 1.1 percent w/w, and we obtained a sustained release of ceftiofur in PBS-buffer (pH 7.4) over 7 days. The antibacterial activity of ceftiofur was preserved after the encapsulation procedure, and toxicity of PHBV-CEF microparticles evaluated by MTS was represented by an IC50 > 10 mg/mL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PHBV-CEF particles have a potential application for improving the treatment of infectious diseases in the livestock breeding industry.

Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins in the neonate: a review

The aim of this work was to review the published data on the pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins in neonates to provide a critical analysis of the literature as a useful tool for physicians. The bibliographic search was performed for articles published up to December 3, 2010, using PubMed. In addition, the book Neofax: A Manual of Drugs Used in Neonatal Care by Young and Mangum was consulted. The cephalosporins are mainly eliminated by the kidneys, and their elimination rates are reduced at birth. As a consequence, clearance is reduced and t1/2 is more prolonged in the neonate than in more mature infants. The neonate's substantial body water content creates a large volume of distribution (Vd) of cephalosporins, as these drugs are fairly water soluble. Postnatal development is an important factor in the maturation of the neonate, and as postnatal age proceeds, the clearance of cephalosporins increases. The maturation of the kidney governs the pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins in the infant. Clearance and t1/2 are influenced by development, and this must be taken into consideration when planning a cephalosporin dosage regimen for the neonate.

Risk factors associated with bacteriological cure, new infection, and incidence of clinical mastitis after dry cow therapy with three different antibiotics

Factors affecting bacteriological cure rates (BCR) and new intramammary infections (IMI) during the dry period as well as clinical mastitis (CM) during early lactation were investigated in 414 German Holstein dairy cows receiving dry cow therapy. Cows were treated with either benethamine benzylpenicillin (300,000 IU), penethamate hydriodide (100,000 IU), and framycetin sulphate (100 mg, n = 136), or cefquinome (150 mg, n = 135), or benzathine cloxacillin (1,280 mg, n = 143). Overall BCR, IMI, and CM at parturition were 86.4%, 20.7%, and 4.3%, respectively. The three antibiotic treatments differed only in BCR, with cloxacillin yielding better results than the others. Udder quarters from cows with > 4 lactations had a higher risk of IMI and CM at calving. Chronic changes in udder tissues were linked to a lower BCR and were associated with a higher risk of CM during early lactation. The risk of CM at calving was higher in udder quarters with unspecific or subclinical mastitis before drying off. In conclusion, with antibiotic dry cow therapy, age and health status of the udder appear to be major determinants of IMI and CM during the dry period and early lactation, while BCR was associated with the antibiotic type and udder tissue status.

Factores asociados al uso inadecuado de cefalosporinas en pacientes hospitalizados / Factors associated with an inappropriate use of cephalosporins in admitted patients

Las cefalosporinas se han convertido en un recurso terapéutico valioso, pero su uso inadecuado ha estado asociado al desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana, problema de significativa importancia en la práctica clínica diaria. No existen informes sobre el tema en la literatura médica cubana, por lo que se realizó este estudio para identificar la frecuencia y los factores asociados al uso inadecuado de cefalosporinas en pacientes hospitalizados. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, mediante prevalencias puntuales seriadas, de las prescripciones de cefalosporinas en los pacientes admitidos en el Hospital Joaquín Albarrán (mayo de 2008 a abril de 2009). De los pacientes se obtuvieron las características generales y de la prescripción de las cefalosporinas, y esta información fue analizada por expertos para identificar casos de prescripción inadecuada. Mediante regresión logística se determinó el grado de asociación de la inadecuación con las variables independientes. Se realizó análisis discriminante para identificar las variables que discriminaran los grupos de pacientes en función de la calidad de la prescripción. Se observaron inadecuaciones en el 18,4 por ciento de los 711 pacientes evaluados, y éstas fueron superiores en los pacientes de menor edad (p < 0,001), localización no respiratoria de infección (p < 0,001), de servicio quirúrgico (p < 0,001), antecedente de cirugía reciente (p < 0,05) e insuficiencia renal crónica (p < 0,05). El antecedente de insuficiencia respiratoria crónica se asoció a prescripción adecuada (p < 0,05). Las variables anteriores discriminaron los grupos de pacientes en función de la adecuación de la prescripción. Se identifica la frecuencia de inadecuación y se definen como factores relacionados la edad, la localización no respiratoria de infección, el antecedente de insuficiencia renal crónica, la cirugía reciente y el ser atendido en servicios quirúrgicos(AU)

The cephalosporins become a valuable therapeutical resort but its inappropriate use has been associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance a very significant problem in the daily clinical practice. There are available reports on this subject in the Cuban medical literature, thus a study was made to identify the frequency and the factors associated with the inappropriate use of cephalosporins in admitted patients. A descriptive study was conducted using the serial detailed prevalences of cephalosporins prescriptions in patients admitted in Joaquín Albarrán Hospital (from May, 2008 to April, 2009). From patients we get the general features and of the cephalosporin prescription and this information was analyzed by experts to identify the cases of inappropriate prescription. Using the logistic regression it was determined the unsuitable association degree with the independent variables. A discriminant analysis was carried out to identify the variables to differentiate the patient groups to determine the prescription quality. RESULTS. There was inadequacy in the 18,4 percent of the 711 assessed patients ant these were higher in younger patients (p < 0,001), non-respiratory localization of infection (p < 0,001), of surgical service (p < 0,001), a history of recent surgery (p < 0,005) and chronic renal failure (< 0.05). The history of chronic respiratory failure was associated with a suitable prescription (p < 0,05). The above variables discriminate the patient groups to adapt the prescription. Inadequacy frequency is identified defining as factors related to age, the infection non-respiratory localization, the chronic renal failure background, the recent surgery and being served in surgical services(AU)

Oligella urethralis isolada em hemocultura de paciente internada no complexo HSP/UNIFESP / Oligella urethralis isolated in hemoculture from patient interned in HSP-UNIFESP complex

Primeiro isolado de Oligella urethralis em duas amostras de sangue periférico detectado por metodologia de monitoração contínua de metabolismo (sistema Bactec®) e identificado pelo sistema automatizado Phoenix® (BD System) em paciente com linfoma retroperitoneal com metástase em sistema nervoso central (SNC) no Hospital São Paulo da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (HSP/UNIFESP).

First time isolation of Oligella urethralis in two samples of peripheral blood detected by continuous metabolism monitoring methodology (Bactec 61650 system) and identified by the automatized Phoenix 61650 system (BD System) in patient with retro-peritoneal lymphoma with metastasis in the central nervous system at São Paulo hospital of Federal University of São Paulo (HSP/UNIFESP).

The Efficacy of Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics in Orthognathic Surgery: A Prospective Study in Le Fort I Osteotomy and Bilateral Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy

PURPOSE: This study examined the efficacy of the postoperative prophylactic antibiotics used in orthognathic surgery. The prevalence of surgical site infections (SSIs) was determined according to the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients were divided into 2 groups. Each patient intravenously received 1.0 g of a third-generation cephalosporin (Cefpiramide) 30 minutes before surgery. Among them, 28 patients in the control group received 1.0 g Cefpiramide twice daily until the third day after surgery. The postoperative wounds were examined regularly for the presence of infectious signs. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative wound infections between patients who had received postoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration and those who had not (p = 0.639). CONCLUSION: Prolonged prophylactic antibiotic use after orthognathic surgery may not be necessary, provided that there are no other significant factors for wound infections.

Purpura fulminans in a complicated Falciparum malaria.

A 19-year-old male presented with fever, oliguria and purpuric lesions involving both hands. The patient was diagnosed as a case of purpura fulminans with disseminated intravascular coagulation due to complicated Falciparum malaria. The case is presented to sensitize the physicians to keep malaria as a differential in cases of fever with purpura fulminans.

Redefining the management of pediatric tonsillopharyngitis with cefprozil.

Tonsillopharyngitis is very common in children, with Group A Streptococci being the most common bacterial etiology. Effective antibacterial treatment is imperative due to risk of rheumatic fever. Cephalosporins have been used successfully for the treatment of Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillopharyngitis. Cefprozil is a novel broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin. Cefprozil is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with high bioavailability. The excellent penetration of cefprozil into tonsillar and adenoidal tissue corresponds well with the clinical outcome. The drug provides excellent coverage against both gram-negative and -positive bacteria that may cause pharyngitis/tonsillitis. The beta-lactamase stability of cefprozil appears to exceed that of other oral cephalosporins for important gram negative pathogens. In clinical trials, cefprozil appears to be at least as effective as commonly used comparison agents such as cefaclor and cefixime. Additionally, cefprozil is better tolerated than the latter, especially with regard to gastrointestinal adverse effects. Thus cefprozil can be considered a safe and reliable drug for the treatment of Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children.

Experiencia en el manejo de la gangrena de fournier: Servico de Cirugía I / Experience in the management of fournier's gangrene: Servico de Cirugía I

Presentar la experiencia de nuestro servicio en el manejo de la gangrena de Fournier entre los años 1996 a 2006. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se estudiaron a todos los pacientes ingresados por gangrena de Fournier en el Servicio de Cirugía Uno del Hospital Vargas de Caracas, entre enero de 1996 y diciembre 2006. Se estudiaron un total de 10 pacientes que habían presentado gangrena de Fournier, todos pertenecían al género masculino. El grupo etario más afectado fue el grupo entre 51 y 60 años con un 40 por ciento (cuatro casos). En cuanto al foco primario se observó con más frecuencia el de origen anorrectal con un 50 por (cinco casos). El número de limpiezas realizadas fue entre uno y cinco, con promedio de 2,7 limpiezas quirúrgicas por pacientes. Se realizaron colostomías derivativas al 80 por ciento de los pacientes, cistostomías al 30 por ciento, se manejo la vía urinaria al 70 por ciento con sonda de Foley, se realizaron injertos al 70 por ciento de los enfermos. No hubo decesos en esta serie de pacientes. La gangrena de Fournier debe ser diagnósticada en forma rápida, manejada en forma agresiva y con medidas de soporte que permitan un adecuado control metabólico e infeccioso.

Terapia ambulatoria con cefprozil en niños con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Ambulatory therapy with cefprozil in children with pneumonia acquired in the community

Demostrar que el cefprozil es eficaz y seguro en neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad en edad pediátrica en aquellos casos donde no existan evidencias de complicaciones. Se seleccionaron 30 niños de ambos sexos mayores de 6 meses de edad que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, con posibilidades de cumplir el tratamiento en forma ambulatoria, suministrándole el cefprozil a dosis de 50 mg/kg/peso/día por vía oral con controles diarios por un lapso de 7 a 10 días, realizándosele evaluación clínica y examen físico detallados, así como pruebas de laboratorio y cultivos. Predominó el sexo masculino (66,6 por ciento). La mayor incidencia por grupo etario fue entre 6 meses y 5 años de edad, con un promedio de 5 años. La fiebre y la tos estuvieron presentes en 15 de los casos (50 por ciento), el hemograma mostró leucocitosis con neutrofilia y positividad de la VSG y PCR en el 50 por ciento de los casos. El hemocultivo fue positivo para Streptococcus pneumoniae (3 = 10 por ciento) y Moraxella catarralis (1 = 3,33 por ciento), siendo negativos en un 86.66 por ciento. El hallazgo radiológico reveló infiltrado intersticial difuso bilateral (22 = 73,33 por ciento) y focos de consolidación (8 = 26,66 por ciento). El fármaco mostró seguridad y eficacia en el 93,33 por ciento de los casos y no se evidenció efectos colaterales. La terapia con cefprozil en NAC en edad pediátrica demostró eficacia terapéutica sin efectos adversos y con beneficios clínicos y económicos tanto para el paciente como para los padres. Asimismo, la terapia con cefprozil en NAC representa una alternativa eficaz en tratamientos ambulatorios por vía oral y disminuye la masificación en hospitalizaciones innecesarias.

Cefepime restriction improves gram-negative overall resistance patterns in neonatal intensive care unit

Antibiotic restriction can be useful in maintaining bacterial susceptibility. The objective of this study was verify if restriction of cefepime, the most frequently used cephalosporin in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), would ameliorate broad-spectrum susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates. Nine hundred and ninety-five premature and term newborns were divided into 3 cohorts, according to the prevalence of cefepime use in the unit: Group 1 (n=396) comprised patients admitted from January 2002 to December 2003, period in which cefepime was the most used broad-spectrum antibiotic. Patients in Group 2 (n=349) were admitted when piperacillin/tazobactam replaced cefepime (January to December 2004) and in Group 3 (n=250) when cefepime was reintroduced (January to September 2005). Meropenem was the alternative third-line antibiotic for all groups. Multiresistance was defined as resistance to 2 or more unrelated antibiotics, including necessarily a third or fourth generation cephalosporin, piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem. Statistics involved Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and logrank tests, Kaplan-Meier analysis. Groups were comparable in length of stay, time of mechanical ventilation, gestational age and birth weight. Ninety-eight Gram-negative isolates were analyzed. Patients were more likely to remain free of multiresistant isolates by Kaplan-Meier analysis in Group 2 when compared to Group 1 (p=0.017) and Group 3 (p=0.003). There was also a significant difference in meropenem resistance rates. Cefepime has a greater propensity to select multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens than piperacillin/tazobactam and should not be used extensively in neonatal intensive care.

Uso de cefotaxime en la sala de neumología en el Hospital Fernando Vélez Páiz del 1 de enero al 30 de diciembre del 2006 / Use of cefotaxime in the room of neumología in the Hospital Fernando Vélez Páiz of the 1 of January to the 30 of December of the 2006

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Hospital Dr. Fernando Velez Páiz, en el período del 1 de enero al 3o de diciembre 2006, en el que se identificó el uso de Cefotaxima en las salas de Neumología. Es un estudio de utilización de medicamentos de tipo prescripción- indicación, que contó con un universo de 51 pacientes y una muestra no probalilística de 40 pacientes. Predominó el grupo etareo de los 29 días a 11 meses con 27 casos. En cuanto a procedencia 28 pertenecían al área urbana. La mayor parte de los niños que recibieron Cefotaxime fueron del sexo masculino. El estado nutricional de los niños bajo estudio 21 tenian desnutrición de I grado. El criterio clínico que predominó fueron la tos y la fiebre, en pacientes con neumonía, en su mayor parte no se específico el criterio radiológico, siendo la BHC alterado en la mayoría de los pacientes. El esquema de tratamiento previomás usado de forma ambulatoría fue la amoxicilina y como esquema de primera línea hospitalaria fue la Ampicilina + gentamicina y penicilina cristalina en un mismo porcentaje...